1解决： solve , deal with , cope with , handle , resolve , address , tackle

2损害： damage , hurt , injure , harm , impair , undermine , jeopardize

3给与： give , offer , render , impart , provide , supply , afford

4培养： develop , cultivate , foster

5优势： advantage , merit , virtue , benefit , upside , strength

6缺陷： disadvantage , demerit , drawback , downside , weakness

7使迷惑： puzzle , bewilder , perplex , baffle

8重要的： key , crucial , critical , important , significant , vital , substantial , indispensable , imperative

9认为： think , believe , insist , maintain , assert , conclude , deem , hold , argue , be

convinced , be firmly convinced , be fully convinced

10保护： protect , conserve , preserve

11确保： assure , ensure , guarantee , pledge

12有害的： bad , baneful evil , harmful , detrimental

13要求： request , demand , needs , requisition

14消除： eliminate , clear , remove , clear up , take away , smooth away

15导致： lead to , bring about , result in , cause , spark off , conduce to , procure , induce , generate

16因此： so , therefore , thus , hence , consequently , as a consequence , accordingly , as a result , because of this , as a result of this

7增长至： grow to , rise to , increase to , go up to , climb to , ascend to , jump to , shoot to

18降低至： dip to , fall to , decline to , decrease to , drop to , go down to , reduce to , slump to , descend to , sink to , slide to

19保持稳定： level out , do not change , remain stable , remain still , remain steady , be stable , maintain the same level , remain unchanged , be still , remain the same level , stay constant , keep at the same level , level off , stabilize , keep its stability , even out

20急剧地： dramatically , drastically , sharply , hugely , enormously , steeply , substantially , considerably , significantly , markedly , surprisingly , strikingly , radically , remarkably , vastly , noticeably

21平稳地： steadily , smoothly , slightly , slowly , marginally , gradually , moderately , mildly

22宣称： allege , assert , declare , claim

23发生： happen , occur , take place

24原因： reason , factor , cause

25发展： development , advance , progress

26有益的： useful , helpful , beneficial , profitable , rewarding , advantageous

27影响： influence , impact , effect

28明显的： clear , obvious , evident , self - evident , manifest , apparent , crystal - clear 29占： comprise , take up , account for , constitute , consist of , make up , occupy , hold , compose

30与．.．相比： compared with , compared to , in comparison with , in comparison to , by comparison with , by comparison to

31对比而言： by contrast , in contrast , on the other hand , on the contrary =, conversely

32展示： show , reveal , illustrate , demonstrate , depict , present , represent , describe

33大约： approximately , almost , about , around , nearly , roughly

34波动： fluctuate , go ups and downs , display a fluctuation , demonstrate a fluctuation

35事实上： practically , in practice , essentially , in essence , in reality , in effect , in fact , as a matter of fact , it is a fact that

36换言之： namely , that is to say , in other words , to put it like this , to put it differently , to put it from another way , to put it from another angle

1 individuals , characters , folks 替换（ people , persons )

2 positive , favorable , rosy （美好的）, promising （有希望的）, perfect , pleasurable , excellent , outstanding , superior 替换 good

3 dreadful , unfavorable , poor , adverse , ill （有害的）替换 bad 如果 bad 做表语，可以有 be less impressive 替换 eg . An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games , enjoying romance with girls / boys or killing time passively in their dorms . When it approaches to graduation , as a result , they find their academic records are less impressive .

4( an army of , an ocean of , a sea of , a multitude of , a host of , many , if not most ）替换 many ．注：用 many , if not most 一定要小心， many 后一定要有词。 Eg . Many dividuals , if not most , harbor the idea that ...．同理用 most , if not all ，替换 most .5 a slice of , quiet a few , several 替换 some

6 harbor the idea that , take the attitude that , hold the view that , it is widely shared that , it is universally acknowledged that )替 think （因为是书面语，所以要加 that )7 affair , business , matter 替换 thing

8 shared 代 common

9 reap huge fruits 替换 get many benefits )

10 for my part , from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion

11 Increasing ( ly ), growing 替换 more and more （注意没有 growingly 这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用 increasing / growing ．修饰形容词，副词用 increasingly . Eg . sth has gained growing popularity . Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth .

12 little if anything ，或 little or nothing 替换 hardly

13 beneficial , rewarding 替换 helpful ,

14 shopper , client , consumer , purchaser ，替换 customer

15 exceedingly , extremely , intensely 替换 very

16 hardly necessary , hardly inevitable ...替换 unnecessary , avoidable

17 sth appeals to sb , sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换 sb take interest in / sb . be interested in

18 capture one ' s attention 替换 attract one ' s attention .

19 facet , demension , sphere 代 aspect

20 be indicative of , be suggestive of , be fearful of 代 indicate , suggest , fear

21 give rise to , lead to , result in , trigger 替换 cause .

22 There are several reasons behind sth 替换．. reasons for sth

23 desire 替换 want .

24 pour attention into 替换 pay attention to

25 bear in mind that 替换 remember

26 enjoy , possess 替换 have （注意 process 是过程的意思）27. interaction 替换

communication

28 frown on sth 替换 be against , disagree with sth

29 to name only a few , as an example 替换 for example , for instance

30 next to / virtually impossible ，替换 nearly / almost impossible

形容词：

1．贫穷的： poor = needy = impoverished = poverty - stricken 2.富裕的： rich = wealthy = affluent = well - to - do = well - off 3．优秀的： excellent = eminent = top = outstanding 4.积极的，好的： good = conducive = beneficial = advantageous 5.消极的，不良的： bad = detrimental = baneful = undesirable 6．明显的： obvious = apparent = evident = manifest 7.健康的： healthy = robust = sound = wholesome

8．惊人的： surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9．美丽的： beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye - catching 10.有活力的： energetic = dynamic = vigorous = animated 11．流行的： popular = prevailing = prevalent = pervasive

动词：

1.提高，加强： improve = enhance = promote = strengthen = optimize 2.引起： cause = trigger = endanger

3．解决： solve = resolve = address = tackle = cope with = deal with

4．拆除： destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate 5．培养： develop = cultivate = foster = nurture 6．激发，鼓励： encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7.认为： think = assert = hold = claim = argue 8.完成： complete = fulfill = accomplish = achieve 9．保留： keep = preserve = retain = hold

10．有害于： destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize

11．减轻： ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten

名词：

1.影响： influence = impact

2.危险： dangerous = perils = hazardous

3.污染： pollution = contamination

4．人类： human beings = mankind = humane race

5.老人： old people = the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens

6．幸福： happiness = cheerfulness = well - being

7.老师： teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers - tutors

8．教育： education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing

9．青少年： young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents

10.优点： advantage = merits = superiority = virtue

11．责任： responsibility = obligation = duty = liability

12．能力： ability = capacity = power =skill13．职业： job = career = employment = profession

14．娱乐： enjoyment = pastimes = recreation = entertainment

15．孩子： children = offspring = descendant = kid

短语：

1．充满了： be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with

2.努力： struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for

3．从事： embark on = take up = set about = go in for

4．在当代： in contemporary society = in present - day society = in this day and age 5．大量的： a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of

逻辑关系：

一、 And 并列关系

( and ) in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also / l

moreover // too // not only ... but // even // besides this / that

二、 Sequence 顺序( then )出现的时候表示列举

first // initially // second etc .// to begin with // then // next // earlier / later // following this / that //

afterwards

三、 Consequence 结果( so )前面是后面的结果／/也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了

as a result // thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // in that

case // admittedly

四、 Contrast 转折（ but ）表对前面论述的转折//一般后面才是作者观点

however // on the other hand // despite // in spite of // though // although // but // on the contrary //

otherwise // yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast

五、 Certainty 确定( of course )强烈的确定//后面是作者的坚定论点

obviously // certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly

六、 Condition 条件／因为( if )后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件

if // unless // whether // provided that // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on

七、 Time 时间（ when )

before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as

八、 Summary 总结( in a word )作者的最后总结

in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述／/

in short // in a word

九、 Example 举例（ for example ) for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as// namely +、 Reason 原因（ because ) since // as // so // because ( of )// due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause